It has often been observed in experimental studies that the reliability of items increases if the same questions are asked of the same respondents more than once. This phenomenon, called the “Socratic effect,†also occurs in nonexperimental, short-wave panel studies. In the first...

This article focuses on three main points: (1) Because a short-wave panel study such as the ALLBUS-Retest Study 1984 is suited optimally for reliability estimations, the quality of a larger number of items concerning attitudes about the welfare state and inequality and toward a minority group in...

It is possible to test for the equality of means between independent groups with LISREL, either specifying a model with dummy variables or a model with several groups. The specification of these models is not only simple, but testing means with the second model is also less restrictive than the...

The topic of this paper is access to and documentation of survey data financed through public funds. We distinguish between four types of publicly financed survey data: (1) Academic survey data from the national or international research infrastructures; (2) data from DFG projects or similarly...

The topic of this paper is access to and documentation of survey data financed through public funds. We distinguish between four types of publicly financed survey data: (1) Academic survey data from the national or international research infrastructures; (2) data from DFG projects or similarly...