Between 1.5 and 2 billion of the world's poor are small farmers. In recent years, voluntary certification has become a …-sourcing schemes, and certified products are increasingly available in mainstream retail outlets. Recent impact studies, however, have … failed to demonstrate consistent farmer benefits from certification, leading to a debate among practitioners as to whether it …

of cooperatives, as previous studies did, it is not easy to disentangle certification effects from possible cooperative …. First, in Cote d'Ivoire Fairtrade certification benefits farmers economically. Second, and more generally, cooperative … characteristics are jointly correlated with certification and relevant outcomes, which needs to be accounted for to avoid bias when …

negative effects. We use data from farmers and rural workers in Cote d'Ivoire to analyze effects of Fairtrade certification on …

retail firms. Yet the success of these alternatives also makes them an inviting target for corporate participation. This …

scholars and practitioners are raising serious questions about who benefits from certification. Through a critique of north … “global north” and “global south,” certification has normalized and naturalized dichotomous power relations. The primary … concern of this paper is to demonstrate the problems with situating certification and scholarship in the north–south binary …