Since the introduction of rubber at the turn of the 20th century smallholders have developed an original complex agroforestry system called jungle rubber in which non selected young rubber trees (seedlings) are managed extensively alongside secondary forest re-growth. The issue of improving...

Les Balantes de la région de Tombali en Guinée Bissau ont développé un système social contraignant, basé sur le contrôle de la main d'oeuvre et la redistribution sociale des richesses et excédents selon un principe de réciprocité sur des bases sociales, fanado ou passage de classe et...

A few decades ago rubber was one of the first tree crops to be characterized by a spectacular breakthrough, the production of new, highly productive clonal material. With regard to rubber, the adoption of clonal planting materials led to a spectacular improvement in labour-productivity and...

As with cocoa a combination of available land and centres with fairly dense population is a prerequisite for a boom. But in the case of rubber the boom has been far more progressive than that for cocoa due to 3 main factors. Firstly, Sumatra and Kalimantan islands were almost empty at the turn...

The aim of this chapter is to describe changes in the Indonesian jungle rubber system from the angle of the production of innovation by farmers themselves (indigenous knowledge) and the process of integration of external technical innovations in an overall process of creation of innovation. In...

Smallholder rubber plantations in Indonesia, representing more than 80% of the total rubber areas, are very unique in the world. Most smallholder rubber areas are multi-strata in nature. Rubber is not the only perennial crop in that area, but also mixed with timber trees (forest re-growth),...

As with cocoa a combination of available land and centres with fairly dense population is a prerequisite for a boom. But in the case of rubber the boom has been far more progressive than that for cocoa due to 3 main factors. Firstly, Sumatra and Kalimantan islands were almost empty at the turn...

The aim of this chapter is to describe changes in the Indonesian jungle rubber system from the angle of the production of innovation by farmers themselves (indigenous knowledge) and the process of integration of external technical innovations in an overall process of creation of innovation. In...

Les Balantes de la région de Tombali en Guinée Bissau ont développé un système social contraignant, basé sur le contrôle de la main d'oeuvre et la redistribution sociale des richesses et excédents selon un principe de réciprocité sur des bases sociales, fanado ou passage de classe et...