Two main approaches have been implemented in regional CO2 markets to address competitiveness and carbon leakage: output …

Competitiveness and carbon leakage are major concerns for the design of CO2 emissions permits markets. In the absence …

competitiveness losses and the induced carbon leakages, the unfair distributional effects, the frauds and the existence of several … abatements. The competitiveness losses and carbon leakages do not seem to have occurred. The distributional effects have indeed …

tends to have a detrimental effect on domestic competitiveness, and it leads to an increase in carbon emissions abroad … problems. However, BTA protects domestic competitiveness more effectively, while IET achieves a greater reduction in foreign … competitiveness of noncovered sectors are negative. These two effects constitute the central trade-off in the implementation of both …