"Research on the role of real estate in the mixed asset portfolio, whether in the form of direct private holdings or indirect securitised forms of property investment, has focused on the diversification potential of the asset class. In addition to the investment characteristics of real estate...

We propose newly developed unsmoothing techniques for appraisal-based real estate returns based on a regime-switching Threshold Autoregressive (TAR) model. We show that when true returns follow a TAR process, conventional linear autoregressive technique are misspecified and underestimate true...

In this paper, we present a unified theory of linear smoothing, which looks at the problem from a time-series perspective. We use the term ‘conversion’ to refer to generic operations that create a difference between true returns and reported returns. ‘Smoothing’ occurs when that...

Performance indices for illiquid investments are known to suffer from returns smoothing, and the purpose of this paper is to investigate the presence and nature of such smoothing in the context of venture capital. We find that while the standard techniques may or may not indicate the presence of...