. The gains from citizenship are particularly apparent among immigrants from poorer countries. A key policy question is …

regard to the regulation of legal status, rights, opportunities, and acquisition of citizenship. We give examples of the … incorporation but also similarities to the regulation of access to residence, rights, and citizenship. We highlight changes in this …, and, finally, we address the expected effects on wider integration of citizenship acquisition. …

a more liberal access to citizenship can improve the economic integration of immigrants. Our analysis relies on two …, we exploit discontinuities in the reforms' eligibility rules. Between 1991 and 1999, adolescents could obtain citizenship … performance. Based on the eligibility rules, we find few returns of citizenship for men, but substantial returns for women …