Several European countries have reformed their citizenship policies over the past decades. There is much to learn from … their experience of how citizenship works; for whom it works; and what rules and policies matter for integration. The … citizenship increases take-up and improves the economic, educational, political and social integration of immigrants. Other …

This paper investigates whether citizenship acquisition affects immigrants' employment in Belgium. To do so, we rely on … Security (CBSS) and survey data from the Labour Force Surveys (LFS). During this period, citizenship was open to all immigrants … carried out using panel data fixed effects techniques applied to a programme evaluation model. We find that citizenship …

Based on observational studies, conventional wisdom suggests that citizenship carries economic benefits. We leverage a … access to citizenship on several economic outcomes, including income, credit scores, access to credit, financial distress …-economic integration. However, we do find that citizenship reduces fears of deportation. Explaining our divergence from past studies, our …