In this book, the authors investigate the rise in outward direct investment (ODI) from four emerging economies, Brazil, Russia, India and China (BRIC). Over the last two decades, these countries have transformed from recipients of foreign direct investment (FDI) into important international...

This paper provides new contract-level evidence on control rights allocation in order to define what makes a joint venture. Property rights theory of the firm identifies circumstances under which joint control alleviates investment distortions due to contract incompleteness. We compare...

This paper analyses the choice of full versus shared ownership of the production affiliate made by Italian multinationals in Asia, based on an entirely new firm-level dataset, constructed by the author. The decision to internalise production, rather than relying on a local partner, is driven by...