Economic objects are objects which are produced by employing inputs and valued by applying a valuation procedure. In a market economy the valuation is performed by the price mechanism. Ideally market prices reflect the scarcity values corresponding to individual preferences. This article argues...

We first show that liquidity, as measured by stock turnover or trading volume, is an economically significant investment style that is distinct from traditional investment styles such as size, value/growth, and momentum. We then introduce and examine the performance of several portfolio...

Recent literature indicates that a liquidity investment style – the process of investing in relatively less liquid stocks within the liquid universe of publicly traded stocks – has led to excess returns relative to size and value. While previously documented at the security level, we examine...

We present comprehensive evidence in support of giving liquidity equal standing to size, value/growth, and momentum as investment styles, as defined by Sharpe (1992). First, we show that financial market liquidity, as identified by stock turnover, is an economically significant indicator of...

Hedging of illiquid financial instruments is carried out with liquid instruments that, as a rule, have simpler payoff functions. For example, hedging of Asian or long-dated put options is carried out with vanilla puts, hedging of Bermuda swaptions is done with vanilla swaptions, etc. This kind...

This article attempts to make an insight into the essence of the current processes of expansion and molding of the niche of the Professional Valuation. The first part of the article is devoted to the brief review of new notions and processes which are engendered by the requirements of the...

That the FMVS's lack of compulsion assumption is synonymous with the Hypothetical Seller's ability and willingness to expose his non-marketable asset, to the Hypothetical Marketplace, for ample and sufficient time, is generally acknowledged. What is not acknowledged, however, is (i.) he, being...

The Fair Market Value Standard (FMVS), an applicable standard of value in several areas of law for appraising non-marketable assets, defines, through its given assumptions, a competitive Hypothetical Marketplace within which FMV determination is confined. Contra conventional assumption that...

This paper discusses an explicit necessary and sufficient condition on the dividend stream of a publicly traded company, under which the price of the company's share is equal to the present value of the future dividends that will accrue to it. When it is not, the share price equals the present...