When empirically investigating situations in which human ignorance and historical time are significant features, use of the notion of probability, in any of its forms, is not legitimate. Thus, familiar distributional techniques such as hypothesis testing and estimation, and standard methods of...

This article traces the history of the failed automobile-trade negotiations between Japan and the United States from the 1970s to the mid-1990s. It attributes the failure of those negotiations to a lack of understanding on both sides of not only what was motivating the other side, but also the...