Indicators of economic development of South Korea reflect outstanding progress. In the past three decades different phases of development succeeded one after another. The essence of general Park Chong Chu’s strategy was export-directed industrialization and import substitution with high import...

The transformation of the Indonesian economy and building the basis of incomparably fast development started at the end of 60-ies. Moderate professional macro-level regulation, slow and gradual setup of market environment as well as an effective use of foreign support and advices were all...

Further gradual import liberalization in Hungary necessitates a comprehensive strategy in which there is a role to play for regulation of foreign trade as well as for financial, price and industrial policy. It is to be reassessed what conditions are required for first a partial, then a gradually...

One of the most remarkable recent changes in the East European economies has been the rearrangement of their trade patterns in a few years. Two regional organizations were the focal points of the geographical shift: the CMEA which lost its dominant position, and the EC which had a magnetic...

This Working Paper is a summary of a workshop which was held at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria in 1992. Small scale privatization (SSP) of shops, restaurants and other consumer services has been accomplished in the first stage of the complex...

The author discusses the interrelations between the shortages of building materials in Hungary and the way central control of the building materials industry is carried out. A survey of the history of the latter shows that the development of the industry by central planners was always closely...

This series of enterprise case studies grew out from a 1995-1996 research project at IIASA. It acknowledged the importance of export development for the recovery of the economies of Central and Eastern Europe following their deep transformational recession in 1990-1994. The main goal was a...