The success of alternative payment systems has led to discussion of various proposals to replace money with a new technology-based system, though many lack a clear idea of what exactly is the "money" they seek to replace. We begin by presenting the explanation of money's role in the economy...

Blockchain technology breathes new life into the classical analysis of money as a substitute for a ledger of all past transactions. While it involves updating the ledger through a decentralized consensus on the unique truth, the robustness of the equilibrium that supports this consensus depends...

We analyse minute-level multi-dimensional information flows within and between bitcoin spot and derivatives. We show that perpetual swaps and futures traded on the unregulated exchanges Huobi, OKEx and BitMEX are much the strongest instruments for bitcoin price discovery and we examine potential...

Canada is in the midst of developing three new core payment systems: Lynx, Settlement Optimization Engine (SOE) and Real-Time Rail (RTR). Lynx and SOE will replace the current Large Value Transfer System (LVTS) and Automated Clearing Settlement System (ACSS), whereas RTR will be a new...

We use block level data from the Bitcoin blockchain to estimate the impact of congestion and the USD price on average fee rates. The introduction and adoption of the Segwit protocol allows us to identify an aggregate demand curve for bitcoin transactions. We find that Segwit has reduced fee...

A repurchase agreement (repo) is the sale of financial assets coupled with a promise to repurchase the same assets at a later date. With similar economic characteristics to secured loans and bank deposits, the repo market is one of the main sources of liquidity for the financial system. Having...

A later version of this paper has been published in the Journal of Financial Stability (Volume 50, October 2020, Article Number 100776).When trading volumes are high, bitcoin futures on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME) and -- until recently -- the Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE) lead...

Market betas of bitcoin relative to a broad crypto market index vary considerably, depending on the data source and the index selected. Even greater differences are found for ether and other cryptocurrencies. An in-depth exploration of the cause of these discrepancies reveals a long-standing...

This paper offers a critical survey of the three overlapping domains of the phygital world: the Web, the Infosphere, the Metaverse, and their innovative components – blockchain, distributed ledger technology, cryptoassets and cryptocurrencies. This requires a (bold) attempt to synthetize the...

Postmodern thinker A. N. Whitehead argued that the idea of the identity of the self is one of the significant mistakes made by modern philosophy. From this postmodern perspective, this article examines how this mistaken concept underlies the modern ownership schemes of property, trusts and...