In a democratic country, economic policies succeed or fail depending on its political support. Open trade policies that were initiated and accepted years ago, in particular, can be reversed, within the limits of the country’s international commitments, depending on the government’s...

Nontariff measures are everywhere vilified for preventing exports, especially of agriculture, from developing countries. Philippine exporters seem to be taking things in stride, however. The paper estimates the cost of certification regularly borne by a typical Philippine food exporter to be...

Globalization and pressure from increased competition have led to “splintering” of in-house services from formerly integrated manufacturing firms in developed economies and, at the same time, to an increase in “outsourcing” of these same services. These two trends have caused a stronger...

The paper describes the current decisionmaking structure for trade policy formulation in the Philippines and compares it with the systems in selected countries. It cites difficulties in the current set-up, such as: 1) turf mentality among government agencies that tend to paralyze interagency...

In a democratic country, economic policies succeed or fail depending on its political support. Open trade policies that were initiated and accepted years ago, in particular, can be reversed, within the limits of the country's international commitments, depending on the government's conviction as...

The paper describes the current decisionmaking structure for trade policy formulation in the Philippines and compares it with the systems in selected countries. It cites difficulties in the current set-up, such as: 1) turf mentality among government agencies that tend to paralyze interagency...

Nontariff measures are everywhere vilified for preventing exports, especially of agriculture, from developing countries. Philippine exporters seem to be taking things in stride, however. The paper estimates the cost of certification regularly borne by a typical Philippine food exporter to be...

Globalization and pressure from increased competition have led to "splintering" of in-house services from formerly integrated manufacturing firms in developed economies and, at the same time, to an increase in "outsourcing" of these same services. These two trends have caused a stronger linkage...

Many consider non-tariff measures (NTMs) as another protectionist stratagem to prevent exports, especially of agriculture, from developing countries. Philippine exporters seem to be taking things in stride, however. The estimated cost of less than 3% of sales borne by a Philippine food exporter...