amount of the gender income gap. In this paper we do two things. First, we use a simple household model to better understand … the potential mechanisms driving the child penalty, which include gender norms around child care, female preferences for … in heterosexual couples is primarily explained by female preferences for child care and gender norms, with a smaller …

-2007 to investigate whether the gender composition of preschool staff members affects the timing of school start and …-preschool differences in teacher gender composition across time. We find that the share of male staff improves child outcomes and that gains …

' flexible hours increase their willingness to contribute to childcare but not to household work, partially supporting hypothesis … to childcare or household work. We conclude our paper with some policy implications. …

, who were affected by the closure of schools and institutional child-care during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany. By …

data on all Dutch employees up to 30 June 2020, focussing on the national lockdown and the emergency childcare for … as others, irrespective of gender and spousal employment. Third, single-parent essential workers experience relatively … large negative labour supply effects, suggesting emergency childcare was not sufficient for this group. However, overall …

widening/closing the gender gap in parental childcare during the Covid-19 pandemic in Germany. We consider prepandemic division … egalitarian division that, however, faded out in subsequent months. Starting from a fairly “traditional” prepandemic childcare … the necessity vanishes. Further, a shift is observed only if fathers were to some extent involved in childcare prepandemic …

, leading to a 4-10 percent gender earnings gap 5-10 years later. The child penalty is shifted across generations to … grandmothers with low education, but daycare availability only affects child penalties. Gender biases towards older women's work …

In many countries, a significant share of the gender earnings gap stems not only from firm's practices, or self … leave, state-funded childcare for young children, extended school hours, and individual taxation. For each, we provide a …