We compare the FX exposure estimates of four empirical models that differ only in the choice of control variable. We use a large sample of U.S. equities (19,100) over a long time span (1980-2011). We find a much higher percentage of statistically significant FX exposure estimates with a bond...

Estimating co-movement measures for a large set of bilateral foreign exchange (FX) rates, I explore the relation between firm-level FX exposure and its time-varying diversifiability. For a sample of U.S. firms, the magnitude of FX exposure appears to increase during periods of low currency risk...

Empirical reports of priced foreign exchange (FX) risk raise the question of whether managers should adjust their cost of equity estimates for FX risk. To study this question, we empirically compare the cost of equity estimates of several risk-return models, including some that have explicit FX...

Using a single-factor Global CAPM (GCAPM) and a two-factor International CAPM (InCAPM), we study the effect of foreign exchange (FX) exposure on the term structure of industry cost of equity of 39 U.S. industries. Following Ang and Liu (2004), we estimate the term structure of industry expected...

For individual stocks of 46 countries, this study investigates empirical differences in discount rate estimates between three risk-return models of interest to managers who perform discounted cash flow valuation analysis: (1) the traditional (local) CAPM; (2) the global CAPM (GCAPM), where the...

To estimate foreign exchange (FX) cash flow exposure, one may choose between direct and indirect regression approaches, where the direct approach uses accounting-based cash flow data and the indirect approach uses equity returns as a cash flow proxy. The indirect approach typically includes one...

We explore the effects of tax avoidance and tax risk on stock return volatilities of U.S. firms. We find that firms with very low and very high levels of tax avoidance and firms with high levels of tax risk have more volatile stock returns. We observe that tax avoidance primarily affects stock...