The Islamic Golden Age is referred to a period of cultural, economic and scientific thriving in the history of Islam, historically dated from the 8th century to the 14th century. The House of Wisdom was founded in 8th century Baghdad by Harun al-Rashid of the Abbasid dynasty.The Abbasid...

One hundred one years passed since the secret treaty of Sykes-Pico between Britain and France signed in May 1916. It led to the division of the Arab territories, Kurds, Turks, and the Middle East between the two colonial powers. It was a secret agreement with the participation of Czarist Russia,...

Societal allocation of goods and resources as a means of co-opting potential challengers in authoritarian regimes has received widespread support in political science research. We find evidence for this argument in the case of social welfare spending in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Province...

Japan's mid 19th century transition from 200 years of self-imposed autarky to open trade is the main success story of East Asian integration into the world economy during the first wave of globalization (1850-1914). This article reviews the economic, institutional and normative changes within...

Newly collected data on India’s textile industry over the years 1921–38 show strike rates far higher than those observed in the British or U.S. textile industries when they were at a similar stage of development, despite an absence of formal union organization or state support for collective...

The centre of economic activities in Japan was once in western Japan. Since the mid-nineteenth century, however, economic activities within Japan have been continuously shifting towards the east side of the country including Tokyo. Conventional wisdom associates the end of the Tokugawa feudal...

Prior to the early part of the 19th century, China’s economy had long been superior to that of the West’s. The Chinese’s ability to utilize science and technology had been instrumental in leading their enormous population to economic prosperity and for a while, superiority. During the 18th...

Over time, the state of Kerala has systematically outperformed the rest of India in terms of literacy outcomes. In this paper, two explanations are considered: one, centred on historical inertia, attributes Kerala’s educational outcomes to investments made in pre-independence times....

We investigate the impact of manufacturing employment growth on the non-tradable sector for prefecture-level cities in China. Using the 2000 and 2010 Censuses of Population, we apply the shift-share approach to isolate the exogenous change of employment growth in manufacturing. We find that...

This article explores science cities and their basic characteristics. A brief outline of science cities in different parts of the world is given. A more detailed case description is presented on the most significant science city project in the world, Tsukuba Science City in Japan. Lastly, the...