One of the main topics regarding R&D investment in economics is “R&D market failure”. This is imputed that knowledge, which is the primary output of R&D, has spillover effects due to its public-good-like properties. It cause incomplete appropriability of innovating firm and will lead the...

Knowledge, being an intangible resource of the enterprise, plays a very important role in the competitive fight on the dynamically changing market. It is the basic element of decisions taken at every level of management. It simultaneously affects their effectiveness. Possibly full and...

The number of female prisoners is increasing worldwide. In November 2009 the Thai government developed a set of 70 rules addressing the specific needs of women in the criminal justice system. This included rules relating to the treatment of female prisoners. Many of the issues addressed within...

We aim to analyze the stochastic convergence hypothesis for 14 major tourist source markets of Turkey using monthly data over the period January 1996 to December 2012. To this aim, we use recently developed the two-step LM (Lagrange multiplier) unit root test that allow for two structural breaks...

The Algerian government won a third term in 2009 was boycotted by some political parties. After the “Arab Spring” protests swept neighboring Tunisia and Libya, this introduced some political and economical reforms, including an end to state-of-emergency restrictions that had lasted almost...

Nowadays, many students are granted a scholarship to study abroad. However, meeting the required score in IELTS or TOEFL is a must in order to be accepted in most universities abroad. A considerable number of students (if not the majority) have to take the ESL program in the target country in...

Do Manitoba elementary schools’ history and social studies textbooks contain racist knowledge towards Indigenous peoples in Canada? Data is collected from a range of textbooks that are published between 1960 and 2013; all were found in schools’ libraries and classrooms within the past year....

This paper constitutes a contribution to a new discussion on the adequacy of existing company valuation methods with regard to the specific nature of medical entities in Poland. The author points out the shortcomings of existing theories. She calls for taking into account the quality of the...

The Montevideo Convention of the Rights and Duties of States (1933) codified the declarative theory of statehood as accepted as part of customary international law and laid down the five requirements for statehood which are often summarized as 'the principle of effectivity': (a) permanent...

Crisis is an event that any kind of organization may experience any time. So crisis is an important concept for the field of public relations. While surviving any kind of crisis two key concepts grab attention, which are crisis management and crisis communication. In this case study, Turkish...