argued that public welfare programs can be viewed as a crime-preventing or disruption-preventing devices because they tend to … increase the opportunity cost of engaging in crime or disruptive activities. It is shown that, in the presence of a leisure …

This paper argues that terrorism, beyond its immediate impact on innocent victims, also raises the costs of crime, and … therefore, imposes a negative externality on potential criminals. Terrorism raises the costs of crime through two channels: (i … the tendency for individuals to stay home after a terror attack further increases the costs of crime. -- Crime ; police …