We propose an entire space polynomial-time algorithm for linear programming. First, we give a class of penalty functions on entire space for linear programming by which the dual of a linear program of standard form can be converted into an unconstrained optimization problem. The relevant...

Stocks are connected through common ownership of financial institutions. Firm shocks can be transmitted and amplified through these interconnections, aggregating into market level fluctuations. We formalize this intuition by estimating a parsimonious model using mutual fund holding data. The...