After the US dollar replaced gold, the US debt became the attention worldwide, thus the demand for the US dollar continued, furthermore the extremely low interest of the dollar. This helped the US government to borrow great amounts of debt as well as kept the creditors pleased. Due to the...

We set up a DSGE model to study the macroeconomic consequences of a foreign central bank digital currency (CBDC) available to residents in a small open economy. We find that a gradual and permanent increase in the domestic households' preferences toward the foreign CBDC is recessionary,...

This paper explores the impact of excessive borrowing on economic stability, arguing that while debt can provide short-term benefits, it can lead to long-term financial distress and even economic collapse. The paper examines the benefits of debt, such as providing access to capital and managing...

We provide novel empirical evidence suggestive of signaling effects of sovereign borrowing on a country's default risk. Using the S\&P sovereign rating as a proxy for default risk, we find significant state-contingent effects of sovereign debt growth on a country's rating, with the state being...

Sovereign Development Funds’ (SDFs) dual mandate of pursuing financial or commercial objectives alongside long-term strategic and developments goals presents several challenges. First, SDFs must identify why private capital are not allocated at sufficient scale to target sectors – which...