The first large-scale Traffic Circulation Plan (Verkeerscirculatieplan, VCP) in the Netherlands was introduced in 1977 in the city of Groningen. This was an interesting process since political ideals had to convince a suspicious public that had no reference to successful similar projects. The...

From 1995 to 1997, the municipality of Groningen was engaged in an open planning process to make a traffic plan, The Accessible City Livable (De Bereikbare Stad Leefbaar). This process, Things May Change (Het Kan Verkeeren), was regarded as a pilot project by the national government in terms of...