Vertical coordination in agriculture is a complex problem. Coordination arrangements have both technical and organizational dimensions. This paper calls attention to the institutional dimensions of vertical coordination. It applies concepts of institutional economics to vertical coordination...

We employ a vertical differentiation model to examine the potential bias in pricing-to-market (PTM) results when using unit values aggregating differentiated products. Our results show that: i) false evidence of PTM (“pseudo PTM”) is always found when using unit values, whether the law of...