This study provides evidence on the existence of a negative Greenium, i.e. a risk premium linked to firms' greenness and environmental transparency, based on European individual stock returns. We define a priced ‘greenness and transparency' factor based on companies' greenhouse gas emissions...

Climate change is a complex phenomenon, however, the accounting methodology used for climate change remains poorly understood. This paper proposes a broad concept of carbon accounting: carbon accounting is a system that uses accounting methods to record and analyse climate-change information as...

Background: Ecological Footprint assessment helps to identify what activities are having the biggest impact on nature and opens up possibilities to reduce our impact and live within the means of ‘one planet’. It provides measurement of collective consumption of the population whether they...

Adopting legitimacy proactive approach, this paper examines and evaluates relationship between levels of environmental performance (measured by environmental awards) and the quality of specific voluntary environmental disclosure using a sample of UK FTSE 100 companies. Companies in the sample...

Company carbon disclosures are crucial in assessing a firm's impact on the environment, and many policy actions are associated with this information. As a response to the rising demand for transparency and related regulatory requirements, an increasing number of firms discloses information on...