aimed at improving efficiency and productivity in the European higher education sector. We assess the change in productivity … non-parametric Malmquist productivity index by benchmarking the non-science disciplines and the science disciplines of … both countries separately against a common frontier. Given the lack of statistical inference of non-parametric productivity …

terms of productivity and technical efficiency than universities that did not apply for the program, albeit these dimensions …-oriented universities jointly gained productivity through increased competition between them. …