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measures. However, the competitiveness gap in 2014 vis-à-vis Germany remained unchanged in Italy and Spain, while it increased … marginally in France. The cumulative trend for 1999-2014 in France, Germany and Spain was more favorable vis-à-vis euro …This paper provides new Bank of Italy indicators of price competitiveness for 62 countries. We refreshed the approach …
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France, Germany, Italy are consistent with the claim that the European economies are becoming more harmonized over time, but …
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This paper examines whether data from business tendency surveys are useful for forecasting the macro economy (GDP, unemployment, price and wage inflation, interest rates, exchange-rate changes etc.) in the short run. The starting point is a so-called dynamic factor model (DFM), which is used...
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countries. France, Germany, and Italy have large pay-as-you-go pension systems and vulnerable labor markets. At the same time …
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