crime prevention. … regress a stratified outcome variable representative of six decision outcomes for the crime of robbery on a unique exogenous …

The trade-off between the immediate returns from committing a crime and the future costs of punishment depends on an … heterogeneity based on age, education, crime type, and nationality. Our estimates imply that the majority of deterrence is derived …

personally committed; any punishment must be personal and individual. To that end, international law proscribes as collective … punishment any sanction imposed on a population without regard to individual culpability for the offense that provokes the …, punishes entire communities for the crimes of a few. More specifically, zero-tolerance policing seeks to deter violent crime …

The issue of punishing children for crime has exposed a divide between the political actors who design and enforce the …

Increasing criminal sanctions may reduce crime through two primary mechanisms: deterrence and incapacitation … of the law change, so any short-term impact on crime can be attributed solely to deterrence. Using cross-state variation … associated with large spillovers to other types of crime …