The trade-off between the immediate returns from committing a crime and the future costs of punishment depends on an … heterogeneity based on age, education, crime type, and nationality. Our estimates imply that the majority of deterrence is derived …

the deterrent effect of capital punishment were cited by the Supreme Court in its landmark cases in the 1970s; most …

crime rates in U.S. cities located along the border, between 1992 and 2017. We find that, for cities along the U … property crime rates and that increased border fencing is associated with significant declines in both property and violent … crime rates. Further investigation into the underlying mechanism provides evidence that border control measures are …

, arrest increases the probability an offender is charged with a crime. Our findings argue against recent calls for a …