Exploiting a natural experiment and an innovative survey design, we study the social and political legacies of armed … mediating pathways for the average male randomly picked from the population. Contrary to the arguments that war fosters … foster cooperative behaviors but promotes parochialism. Further analyses show war-driven grievances, the normalization of …

The dissolution of the Soviet Union and 1992-96 Tajik civil war resulted in huge human and economic losses … province, Khatlon. Educational interactions between adults and children under age six are much more frequent. The continued …

This paper estimates the causal long-term consequences of an exposure to war in utero and during childhood on the risk …-by-cohort variation in the intensity of WWII destruction as a unique quasi-experiment, I find that individuals who were exposed to WWII … in adulthood among these wartime children. …

Turco-Italian and the Balkan wars, leading to massive land losses before the First World War. The data are manually …

After the end of the First World War in November 1918, the Allies were involved in a military campaign in the Ottoman … outcomes of the Turkish War of Independence, since it was a longlived event that paved the way for further problems on the … Turkish victories created expectations on the part of traders that the war could end soon, as is manifested in exchange rate …