that had IPOs in 1985 compared to a matched sample of similar firms which had their IPO before 1980. We find that the 1985 … IPO firms were more profitable, operationally more efficient, had more liquid assets, and had greater value over the 1985 …

In an Initial Public Offering (IPO) process, it is expected that there will be different share price valuations by … corporate structure of the company - an IPO opens up possibilities of immediate gains, as they can purchase at prices lower than … worldwide, use of a behavioral approach to analyze investor motivations, and the presence of institutional investors as IPO …

that had IPOs in 1985 compared to a matched sample of similar firms which had their IPO before 1980. We find that the 1985 … IPO firms were more profitable, operationally more efficient, had more liquid assets, and had greater value over the 1985 …

offered in initial public offering (IPO). The sample consists of 258 Polish new stock companies over the period 2005-2020. We … find that such companies refrain from massive earnings management in the pre-IPO period: both real and accrual …-based. However, we find evidence that the presence of institutional investors in the IPO is related to earnings inflation (selling …

clientele of sophisticated investors, consistent with Shiller's Impresario Hypothesis. Our pre-IPO bubble (1981-1996) empirical … results yield evidence supporting both selling mechanisms. Under-demanded small IPO issues are "pushed" by the brokers, while … some under-demanded large IPO issues instead increase the offer price, with large first-day turnover characteristics of …

environment suggests that additional research is needed to develop new IPO timing models based not only on statistical analyses … identified key variables influencing IPO timing, which have sufficient support in the relevant IPO academic literature, e.g. GDP … actions might be implemented by CFOs in order to increase the chances of IPO success. We believe that our findings provide …

This article examines the factors that determine IPO success in raising equity capital, and how this success translates … pre-IPO profitability is a strong and positive signal for investors that translates into a higher offer price and … therefore determines the success of the issuance. However, companies with high IPO success do not provide investors with better …