This study examines empirically the syndication of equity by multiple venture capitalists in Germany. Following the literature, there are mainly two competing views as to why venture capitalists syndicate investments. First, syndication can be viewed as a means of risk-sharing. Second, venture...

Venture capital (VC) funds are supplied by a wide range of individual and institutional investors with varied risk profile. The funds vary in size and given funds life VC fund managers thus face two tiers of issues with liquidity and risk management. First the fund managers could face a set of...

We review the theory and evidence on venture capital (VC) and other private equity: why professional private equity exists, what private equity managers do with their portfolio companies, what returns they earn, who earns more and why, what determines the design of contracts signed between (i)...

If control of their firms allows entrepreneurs to derive private benefits, it also allows other controlling parties. Private benefits are especially relevant for venture capitalists, who typically get considerable control in their portfolio firms, but not for banks, which are passive loan...

We review recent developments in the European venture capital (VC) markets. For decades, most of the Continent has lagged behind the U.S. in attracting and retaining young entrepreneurs. Despite several governmental attempts to provide tax incentives and an appropriate infrastructure that would...

This study provides evidence of significant biases in multi-year management forecasts by analyzing a proprietary dataset on venture-backed start-ups in Germany. We find that revenues and expenses are highly overestimated in each of the investigated one- to five-year-ahead planning periods....