The economic value is expressed by prices, but their high volatility was a strong reason to consider other elements to be used for measurement. The most appropriate elements for this were established by the theories of value that explain how value is created, enhanced, transferred, and how it...

This paper considers the impacts of "finance blending" whereby climate finance is added to international carbon markets for offset trading. The paper first discusses climate finance and the carbon market as free-standing finance solutions by high-income countries to increase mitigation in...