Variance and downside risk are different proxies of risk in portfolio management. This study tests mean–variance and downside risk frameworks in relation to portfolio management. The sample is a highly volatile market; Karachi Stock Exchange, Pakistan. Factors affecting portfolio optimization...

This study aims to investigate the presence of volatility transmission among regional equity markets of Pakistan, China, India, and Sri Lanka. Moreover for developed countries, the stock indices of USA, UK, Singapore, and Japan have been considered. If countries of the same region have a long...