We provide the first analysis of racial in-group bias in Type-I and Type-II errors. Using player-referee matched data … from NBA games we show that there is no overall racial bias or in-group bias in foul calls made by referees. Similarly …, there is no racial bias or in-group bias in Type-I errors (incorrect foul calls). On the other hand, there is significant in …

towards defendants of their own race during the guilt-innocence decision. In the sentencing phase, we find in-group bias in … identifies such opposing effects of bias within the same decision sequence. Regarding overall racial bias, we document that … minorities are more likely to get convicted, and that they are given stiffer punishment, conditional on conviction. We find only …

DNA exoneration rates across races among defendants convicted for the same crime in the same state provides an upper bound …

We evaluate whether California's state proposition 47 impacted state violent and property crime rates. Passed by the …-level crime rates that exploit heterogeneity in the effects of the proposition on local criminal justice practices. We find little … evidence of an impact on violent crime rates in the state. Once changes in offense definitions and reporting practices in key …

receiving a life sentence by 67 percent. Straightforward remedies could mitigate this severe bias …

approximate 20 percent decline in total property crime arrests, and shifts in the composition of arrests away from felonies …