We estimate the health costs of supply-side barriers to accessing medical care. The setting is Colombia, where citizens …. We estimate that a one standard deviation increase in judicial claims increases the all-cause mortality rate by between 0 ….10 and 0.23 standard deviations. Increases in mortality are pervasive across causes, with the largest increase in deaths from …

We estimate the causal effect of early retirement on mortality for blue-collar workers. To overcome the problem of … find any adverse effect of early retirement on mortality for females. Death causes indicate a significantly higher … increased mortality among male early retirees. …

substitution and offer additional discounts to promote substitution as long-term savings outweigh one-time costs. …