including 2-wheelers, LDV s and HDV s) around the world in 2030, and from the stock of all vehicles on the road by 2050. This … are already deployed in many places around the world. …

distance, or on particular cars. Given choices about cars and distance, we also calculate emissions. Since we model … taxes on cars or to taxes on gas or distance. Thus emissions are more affected by taxes on gasoline than by taxes on …Yet taxes on cars have lower costs on consumers and thus lower marginal cost of abatement. Given that the existing gas …