The risk-neutral distribution of returns, implied by S&P 500 option prices, has been a popular topic of research for … many years. Because of its forward-looking nature, it gives valuable insights into the expectation and risk attitude of …

that the key SMEs dynamics (value creation, profitability, risk, leverage, and equity multiplier, among others) and other … survival. This paper suggests a lending guarantee technology based on risk sharing through a de facto shareholding agreement to … cover potential losses and reduce the premature default risk. The simulation of a typical entrepreneurial experiment shows …