, the pharmaceutical market has been increasingly targeted by different kinds of regulation, focussing on both the supply …

public expenditure, limiting financial exposure of patients, improving access to pharmaceuticals, and stimulating competition …

best weak in this industry. This paper tests the hypothesis that regulation of manufacturer prices and of retail pharmacy … markets (US, UK, Canada, Germany) but that regulation undermines generic competition in strict regulatory systems (France …, Italy, Japan). Regulation of retail pharmacy further constrains competition in France, Germany and Italy. Regulation thus …