Fiscal decentralization in Belgium progressed substantially in 2015-19. However, as decentralization of expenditure responsibilities continued to outpace decentralization of revenue authority, vertical fiscal gaps and greater reliance on transfers from shared resources may have reduced spending...

Belgium is one of a small group of euro area countries that maintains indexation of wages to inflation as part of its wage setting framework. With intensified price pressures since late 2020 driving inflation to record levels, the tension between compensating workers for purchasing power losses...

features of Belgium's wage-formation process. It then tries to identify some weaknesses and policy recommendations that strive to strike a balance between maintaining benefits of wage indexation while attenuating drawbacks for the economy. Inflation at record levels is putting the sustainability...

The 2022 Article IV Consultation discusses that Belgium's post-pandemic recovery has slowed with spillovers from Russia's war in Ukraine, high inflation, tighter financial conditions, and elevated uncertainty. In response to the spike of energy prices, the federal and regional authorities...

Direct provision of public services can alter the balance of resources across income groups. We focus on the issues arising when taking account of the impact of publicly provided education services across the income distribution. We combine OECD information on spending per student in particular...