amount of time parents spend with their children reading, playing or teaching them new things. We account for employment … status of parents, their socio-economic status and social and cultural norms they share. Our results show that employment … status of parents and their working time arrangements are not statistically significant for the amount of parental 'quality …

provision of formal childcare lessens the earnings and employment impacts of children. Our analyses notably incorporate the role … of grandparents as informal providers of childcare. We find that the arrival of a firstborn reduces the employment and … increases the employment rates of mothers, as well as that of grandmothers to a lesser extent. Examining heterogeneity of the …