Energy is the mainstay of today's economy in the developed world, in the rapidly industrializing developing world, and in other parts of the world. Such is its importance to the modern economy that energy security has been linked to national security. Yet one in five people in the world today...

The law of the World Trade Organization (WTO) governs and regulates trade relationships among WTO members. Within the scope of the WTO, energy trade is one of the most significant trade sectors, as it constitutes the largest primary commodity of global trade in terms of volume and value. For...

A major aim of the international community is to decarbonize the economy. With renewables, international trade in energy is likely to increase. In turn, the international trading system can be a major vehicle towards moving away from fossil fuels to renewable energy. To this end, it can provide...

The aim of this article is to map out the governance of renewable energy and argues that effective renewable energy governance at the international and European level has become a major challenge of public international law and European Union (EU) law. The article first analyzes renewable energy...

This chapter provides an analysis of natural gas as a source to enhance energy security in the European Union (EU). To set the scene, section 2 gives an overview of the Gas Exporting Countries Forum as an example the gas oligopoly in today's market. Section 3 shows the basics of natural gas...

This chapter argues that the Kyoto Protocol to the Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was doomed to face difficulties ab initio and tries to draw lessons from the international trading system's architecture for climate change mitigation negotiations. The UNFCCC has traditionally...

This article explores emission units as a linkage in climate clubs in the hope of making a remarkable difference in climate change mitigation. It analyzes emission units trading in the context of regional trade agreements as a novel, promising, and effective way to mitigate climate change. It...

This working paper examines the climate-change mitigation law and policy of four major developing countries: Brazil, Russia, India, and China (i.e., the BRICs). It will first analyze the case of Brazil, then India, then China and lastly Russia. The paper explores the main causes of Brazil’s...

This chapter aims to provide an analysis of the European Union’s (EU) external relations in the energy sector, focusing on EU-Russia energy trade relations and the Energy Community. Our hypothesis is that securing reliable flows of diverse sources of renewable energy would foster the EU's...

This chapter aims to provide an analysis of the European Union’s (EU) external relations in the energy sector, focusing on EU-Russia energy trade relations and the Energy Community. Our hypothesis is that securing reliable flows of diverse sources of renewable energy would foster the EU's...