Design professionals have increasingly sought to provide clients not only with design solutions to fit existing plans but also with strategic advice for future opportunities. What specific strategic roles can designers play? This study was based on field research with London-based designers and...

The study of open innovation has primarily focused on the benefits and consequences of inbound or outbound innovation exchange between firms; however, increasingly firms may be engaged in simultaneous inbound and outbound exchange forming a “coupled” approach. Furthermore, firms increasingly...

A recognized challenge in innovation scholarship is how to coordinate the efforts of many minds contributing to the design of a single artifact. Much research shows that product concept representations can help coordinate design tasks, but we know little about the practices that make...