The provision of public transit is thought to reduce travel time losses that are due to car congestion. For this reason, it is economically justified to subsidise public transit from a welfare perspective as it creates a congestion-relief benefit. The main goal of this paper is to quantify the...

One of the main unanswered questions in the field of urban economics is to which extent subsidies to public transit are justified. We examine one of the main benefits of public transit, a reduction in car congestion externalities, the so-called congestion relief benefit, using quasi-natural...

Commuters with high mobility create a complex transit system that implies the various usage of TU (transit unit). Boarding into Bus Rapid Transit or alighting from High Speed Train becomes daily routine to finally arrive in working place or school. Old-fashioned fare collection of transportation...