Virements are useful instruments of budget flexibility. If carried out transparently and within accepted limits, virements can promote expenditure efficiency. Large, unregulated virements can undermine budget credibility and the budget's relevance as principal policy and financial planning...

Performance concept in economics is a characteristic of economic processes arising from the need to save resources that fall within these processes, while carrying out activities specific to every public entity under the highest quality conditions. In recent years, even the most developed...