prior abatement. We contrast this with three dimensions of dynamic realism in emitting systems: inertia, induced innovation …

and the environment or that will boost income at the least cost in terms of the environment (and vice-versa). In general … single policy to address many environment externalities. However, given that environmental damage often result from several …

The literature on environmental R&D frequently studies innovation as a two-stage process, with a single R&D event … leading from a conventional polluting technology to a perfectly clean backstop. We allow for uncertainty in innovation in that …

The literature on environmental R&D frequently studies innovation as a two-stage process, with a single R&D event … leading from a conventional polluting technology to a perfectly clean backstop. We allow for uncertainty in innovation in that …

effect of recombinant innovation of the two technologies. A mechanism of endogenous competition is described involving a … positive externality of increasing returns to investment which are counterbalanced by recombinant innovation. We determine … innovation. …

innovation is a crucial productivity driver, a potential crowding out of inventive efforts could increase the cost of mitigating …. However, we do not find negative effects on the number of ongoing R&D projects, investments in innovation-related fixed assets … or on the outcome of innovation projects. Likewise, for firms with subsidy-backed environmental innovations no crowding …