analytical part is based on empirical statistical data. As a methodological procedure for testing the convergence of the EU, we … compared the results of the coefficient of variation of GDP per capita in PPP and the unemployment rate. The findings of this … study confirm the predicted development trends. The pandemic has reversed major convergence trends. Divergence within the EU …

respect to the role of migration. Interestingly, migration seems to be unimportant for the convergence process, at odds with …Empirical evidence about income convergence among regions and countries is inconclusive and it is necessary to clarify … the economic and institutional conditions for convergence. We investigate movements in the income distribution among …

migration and trade and their effects on unemployment (chapter 5), and the dynamics of democracy and income chapter 6). … gravity models for developed countries to include unemployment (chapter 2) and for Latin American and Caribbean developing … der Maquiladora-Industrie in Mexiko (Kapitel 4), dem Zusammenspiel von Migration und Handel und deren Auswirkungen auf die …

, unemployment rates, and wages in fixed-effects regressions which effectively use changes in these indicators over time within … changes as proxies for regional migration. Comparing the results with those for the United States and the European Union, the … regional shocks by adjusting up to a third of a regional non-employment shock through migration within two years. This is …