We examine the extent to which regulations of entry and credit access are related to competition using data on 28 … competition, as proxied by the price-cost margin, in the industries with a naturally high entry rate. Rigid entry regulations are … exerting a positive effect on competition. These results suggest that incumbent firms are likely to enjoy the rent and market …

competition is likely to develop on its own, or whether specific access regulation is necessary or desirable in attaining this end … that specific mandatory access regulation, on top of generic non-discrimination principles found in competition law and … strengthened if necessary in sector-specific regulation, is not needed to facilitate competition and may be counterproductive …

managing markets and the limitations on and problems with self-organisation in regulation. Competition is a spontaneous process … engineering competition, "engineering regulation", with a clear and intentional focus on devising an appropriate framework … competition and a persistent quasi-monopoly, is no easy matter. The process of de-monopolisation can be seen as the result of …