Credit Rating Agencies (CRAs) such as Standard & Poor's and Moody's have existed since the beginning of the 20th century. Their main objective is to increase the efficiency of the financial markets by producing ratings expressing the creditworthiness of companies with respect to loans and...

Captive insurance companies are ‘in-house' (re)insurance companies formed with the specific objective of insuring the risks of their parent company and/or its affiliated companies. This alternative form of risk management is potentially or in fact an efficient means through which large listed...

(Practically) all listed companies have Directors & Officers Liability insurance. Literature suggests that D&O insurance and, more in particular, the premium, can be indicative of the quality of corporate governance of a listed company. The idea is that a D&O insurer has an interest in properly...

Listed companies and their directors and officers run an increasing risk of becoming involved in a shareholders' class action. Since class actions involve significant compensation amounts, it is of vital importance to all parties involved that the directors/officers and the company being sued...

Directors and supervisory board members (officers) are increasingly being held personally liable. Directors & Officers (D&O) liability insurance offers directors and supervisory board members ample protection against directors' and officers' liability. On the one hand, this has many advantages...