and export activity in water and toxic pollution-intensive sectors compared with the less pollution-intensive sectors. The … traditional sectors and toward pollution-intensive manufacturing (especially leather and textiles). The paper also highlights the …

existence of pollution havens has been found. Little attention, however, has been paid to the capital intensity of pollution … countries. We highlight the role of capital and believe it partially explains why pollution havens are not more widespread. Our … approach also highlights those countries that are likeliest to become pollution havens. A multivariate analysis reveals some …

This paper investigates the effect of foreign direct investment (FDI) on domestic firms’ air pollution emissions in a … pollution emissions. Causal mechanisms show evidence for both agglomeration and competition effects; yet the competition effect …