The trade-off between the immediate returns from committing a crime and the future costs of punishment depends on an … in Italy and provide non-parametric evidence on the extent of discounting from the raw data on recidivism and sentence … heterogeneity based on age, education, crime type, and nationality. Our estimates imply that the majority of deterrence is derived …

The trade-off between the immediate returns from committing a crime and the future costs of punishment depends on an … in Italy and provide non-parametric evidence on the extent of discounting from the raw data on recidivism and sentence … heterogeneity based on age, education, crime type, and nationality. Our estimates imply that the majority of deterrence is derived …

The trade-off between the immediate returns from committing a crime and the future costs of punishment depends on an … in Italy and provide non-parametric evidence on the extent of discounting from the raw data on recidivism and sentence … heterogeneity based on age, education, crime type, and nationality. Our estimates imply that the majority of deterrence is derived …

Empirical studies have found that increasing the probability of punishment has a greater effect on crime than the … severity of punishment. This note explains this as the result of criminals having imperfect information on their criminal … deter crime in the period they are applied but offer criminals no information on their criminal ability. Crime is also …

environment. Using geocoded crime data and a novel source of within-city spatial and temporal variation in punishment severity, I … consistent with police treating enforcement effort and punishment severity as complementary. I also find that citywide crime and … punishment and suggests that certain types enforcement can be reduced without incurring large public safety costs …