Recent empirical research has examined the relationship between certain indicators of environmental degradation and income, concluding that in some cases an inverted U-shaped relationship, which has been called an environmental Kuznets curve (EKC), exists between these variables. The source of...

The inflow of foreign direct investment (FDI) increased rapidly during the late 1980s and the 1990s in almost every region of the world revitalizing the long and contentious debate about the costs and benefits of FDI inflows. The “race-to-the-bottom” hypothesis was initially formulated in...

Tourism is a rapid growing phenomenon and has become one of the largest industries in the world. The impact of tourism is extremely varied. The introduction of tourism will imply an increased stress on resources available and the tourism industry is very resource- and land intensive. An influx...

Trade creates wealth through economic growth, and increased level of income effects environment in different ways. Firstly, when people become wealthier, their demand for environmental protection will increase because their priorities will change from employment, income, food or housing to more...